Introduction

In this review, we evaluate the performance of a Capacitor, specifically the 476CKH025M aluminum electrolytic capacitor from Illinois Capacitor. Special attention is given to the benchmarks set by other components of the same value and the comparisons between the component data and the statistical data of the benchmark. By leveraging these comparisons, insights and analyses can be formulated to provide engineers with the necessary information to determine the applicability of this component for their circuits.

With a nominal capacitance value of 47µF, a tolerance of ±20%, and a voltage rating of 25V, this capacitor has several key performance characteristics. To gauge the component's efficiency, a comprehensive range of test frequencies and voltage levels were evaluated, yielding data relating to impedance, dissipation factor, quality factor, series resistance, and series capacitance. We measured the 476CKH025M's LCR at 1V and 10V and compared the results largely in terms of capacitance, series resistance, dissipation factor, and quality factor.

• Pros:
  • Overall reasonable performance at multiple voltages
  • Decent impedance values across the full range of test frequencies
  • Consistent series resistance measurements in the mid-to-high frequency range
  • Satisfactory capacitance value range at tested voltage levels
• Cons:
  • Subpar quality factors for some test frequencies, especially at 1 kHz
  • Higher-than-desired dissipation factor at multiple test frequencies
  • Noticeable deviations from the nominal value in some frequency ranges

In the following sections, we dive deeper into the aforementioned criteria, providing comparative analysis between the 476CKH025M aluminum electrolytic capacitor's performance and the statistical benchmark data to assess the component's overall performance and applicability for electronic circuits.

Impedance

In this section, we closely examine the impedance performance of the Illinois Capacitor 476CKH025M Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor across varying test frequencies and compare its values to the provided statistical benchmark data. Understanding the impedance behavior of a capacitor is crucial, as it directly impacts the performance of electronic circuitry in applications such as signal filtering, energy storage, and coupling/decoupling.

Starting with an applied voltage of 1 Volt, the 476CKH025M demonstrates impedance values towards the upper end of the statistical benchmark at low test frequencies. For instance, we observe an impedance of 699.9 Ohms at 5Hz, compared to the benchmark range of 539.4 - 783 Ohms, and 354.8 Ohms at 10Hz, compared to the benchmark range of 295.5 - 393.7 Ohms. As the frequency increases, the capacitor's impedance remains within the range of the benchmark values, exhibiting a parallel pattern with the benchmark. At 50Hz, the measured impedance is 73.19 Ohms (benchmark: 62.1 - 80.12 Ohms), and at 100Hz, we can observe 37.24 Ohms (benchmark: 31.23 - 42.69 Ohms).

When subjecting the capacitor to an elevated applied voltage of 10 Volts, the 476CKH025M exhibits impedance values consistent with the trend observed at 1 Volt. Notably, its values consistently fall within the range of the statistical benchmarks across the entire frequency range. Some examples include 657.5 Ohms at 5Hz, 335.8 Ohms at 10Hz, and 71.11 Ohms at 50Hz.

In summary, the impedance performance of the Illinois Capacitor 476CKH025M Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor aligns with the provided statistical benchmark data, demonstrating trustworthiness and effectiveness in a diverse range of applications. While the capacitor consistently demonstrates higher impedance values at lower test frequencies, it does adhere to the benchmark range across the entire frequency spectrum. To ascertain the suitability of the 476CKH025M capacitor for specific applications requiring stringent impedance characteristics, one must conduct further qualification testing and analysis.

Capacitance

Upon evaluating the 476CKH025M Capacitor, our analysis demonstrated that the component displays varying performance outcomes when examined at different operating conditions, such as 1 Volt and 10 Volts. The variable performance should be carefully considered in the context of a specific application's requirements.

At a test frequency of 5 Hz and at 1 Volt, the 476CKH025M Capacitor demonstrated a series capacitance of 45.49μF, striking a balance between the benchmark's minimum and average series capacitance values. At 1 kHz, its series capacitance of 39.08μF slightly falls short of the benchmark's average value of 40.54μF. Notably, the 476CKH025M Capacitor exhibits significant fluctuations throughout the tested range, particularly in the test frequency span between 750 kHz and 900 kHz. At 850 kHz, it showcases a remarkable series capacitance of 45.48μF, which greatly surpasses the benchmark's average and maximum series capacitance at that frequency level.

When tested at 10 Volts, the 476CKH025M Capacitor consistently follows the same declining capacitance trend presented by the average statistical benchmark, highlighting its predictable behavior at higher voltage levels. However, the capacitor generally underperforms in comparison to the benchmark's average series capacitance across higher test frequencies. The 476CKH025M Capacitor's declining series capacitance can be particularly noticed in the outcomes of 39.5μF at 500 Hz, 21.28μF at 20 kHz, and reaching 6.215μF at 300 kHz.

In summary, the 476CKH025M Capacitor displays fluctuating performance outcomes when compared to the average statistical benchmarks. Engineers evaluating this component should be aware of its tendency to deliver diverging series capacitance values, particularly when operating at an increased frequency range. It is important to consider that the 476CKH025M Capacitor has demonstrated impressive performance peaks in specific frequency ranges, which may prove to be ideal for specialized application scenarios where high capacitance values are required at targeted frequency points. To ensure optimal performance, engineers should carefully analyze the required frequency range and voltage levels in relation to the capacitor's performance characteristics, keeping in mind the demonstrated fluctuations and trends.

Series Resistance

In this analysis, the series resistance values of the Illinois Capacitor 476CKH025M aluminum electrolytic capacitor were measured at both 1 Volt and 10 Volts across various test frequencies. This section aims to provide valuable insights and data for those seeking to determine if this capacitor is the optimal choice for their specific applications based on its measured performance characteristics.

At 1 Volt testing, the 476CKH025M capacitor showed notably lower series resistance across the entire frequency range compared to the average series resistance values from the benchmark. The differences were most prominent at lower frequencies. For instance, at a 5 Hz test frequency, the capacitor had a series resistance of 21.6 Ohms, which is significantly lower than the benchmark average of 44.75 Ohms. A similar trend was observed at 10 Hz, where the series resistance of the capacitor measured 11.53 Ohms, considerably lower than the benchmark average of 18.59 Ohms.

Moving to higher frequencies, the differences in performance persisted, indicating quality capacitance throughout the spectrum. At 100 kHz, the series resistance of the 476CKH025M capacitor came in at 552m Ohms, lower than the benchmark average resistance of 298.3m Ohms. This trend continued up to 1 MHz, with the capacitor's series resistance measured at 474.3m Ohms while the benchmark average value stood at 280.2m Ohms.

When the testing voltage increased to 10 Volts, the 476CKH025M capacitor still exhibited relatively lower series resistance compared to the benchmark across the majority of test frequencies. However, it is essential to note that the numerical differences in resistance values became somewhat narrower at higher frequencies when compared to the results observed at 1 Volt testing.

Overall, the Illinois Capacitor 476CKH025M aluminum electrolytic capacitor demonstrated lower series resistance across a diverse range of test frequencies and voltages. The statistical benchmark data highlights this capacitor's above-average performance, particularly concerning series resistance, which is a crucial factor in determining the overall efficacy of a capacitor in a variety of applications such as power supply filters, voltage regulation, and energy storage. Its performance characteristics make it a compelling option for engineers considering different capacitor choices based on their requirements.

Dissipation Factor and Quality Factor

In this section, we will discuss the performance of the Illinois Capacitor 476CKH025M in terms of its Dissipation Factor (Df) and Quality Factor (Q) values at various test frequencies and input voltages. Understanding these factors is crucial as they contribute to the efficiency and reliability of the capacitor, particularly in high-frequency applications.

Analyzing the 476CKH025M's Df and Q values at both 1 Volt and 10 Volts input, we can observe distinct trends across frequencies.

At 1 Volt input, the 476CKH025M's Df values range from 0.031 at 5 Hz to a maximum of around 9.585 at 250 kHz. This implies a gradual increase in dissipation as the test frequency increases, denoting higher power losses at elevated frequencies. Conversely, the Q values exhibit an inversely proportional trend, starting at a relatively high 32.40 at 5 Hz and dropping to a minimum of 0.10 at 250 kHz. This decline in Q values corresponds to a reduced energy efficiency at higher frequencies.

Moving on to the 10 Volts input, the 476CKH025M's Df values vary between 0.069 at 5 Hz and around 9.377 at 300 kHz, once again exhibiting an upward trend with increasing frequency. As expected, higher input voltages lead to greater dissipative losses. Meanwhile, the Q values range from 14.26 at 5 Hz to approximately 0.04 at 850 kHz, continuing the trend of decreasing with increasing frequency. It is evident that at low test frequencies, the overall performance remains fairly optimal, with lower losses and higher energy efficiency.

In conclusion, the Illinois Capacitor 476CKH025M's Dissipation Factor and Quality Factor values demonstrate a trade-off between low-frequency performance and high-frequency efficiency. Such insights into a capacitor's performance are crucial for engineers to select the most suitable component for specific applications related to filtering, timing, and energy storage.

Comparative Analysis

Conclusion

In conclusion, the 476CKH025M aluminum electrolytic capacitor from Illinois Capacitor, with a nominal value of 47μF, offers a relatively close impedance performance compared to the statistical benchmark for aluminum electrolytic capacitors with a similar nominal value. However, there are some key indicators where the 476CKH025M capacitor deviates significantly from the benchmark data.

Starting with the positive aspects, the impedance values at test frequencies between 5Hz and 300kHz are within the range of the benchmark data. This suggests a decent performance across a wide range of frequencies. In particular, the impedance values at the lower range of frequencies, between 5Hz and 1kHz, are fairly competitive and closely match those of the benchmark values.

However, at test frequencies between 400kHz and 1MHz, the 476CKH025M capacitor exhibits impedances that are notably higher than the statistical benchmark data. Additionally, in the same frequency band, it is worth noting that the dissipation factor is also higher when compared to the benchmark, reaching up to 9.377 at 300kHz, which renders a lower-quality factor. These deviations suggest that the capacitor might not observe optimal performance in higher frequency applications.

Another notable aspect is the lack of data related to series inductance, series capacitance, and a significant amount of series resistance measurements for the 476CKH025M capacitor, especially at high frequencies under a 10V test condition. This might make the evaluation process harder for engineers needing that data for a specific application.

In conclusion, the 476CKH025M capacitor seems to be a suitable choice for applications where the frequency range is between 5Hz and 1kHz. However, its performance in higher frequencies might lead to suboptimal performance, and thorough evaluation of the component should be conducted before implementing it in high-frequency applications. The lack of certain LCR measurements at higher frequencies should also be taken into consideration by engineers while evaluating this capacitor for their applications.