Introduction

The TDK Corporation's series of capacitors have garnered significant interest amongst engineers for their effective and reliable performance. In this comprehensive review, we analyze the performance of the C3225X5R1A476M250AC Ceramic Capacitor with a nominal value of 47μ, tolerance of ±20%, and a voltage rating of 10V.

Our rigorous evaluation includes a comparison to statistical benchmark data allowing us to assess the capacitor's true capabilities. The intent of this balanced assessment is to provide a nuanced perspective and inform electronics engineers about the practical applicability of this component for their circuits.

Some noteworthy pros and cons of the C3225X5R1A476M250AC capacitor can be highlighted as follows:

• Pros:
  • Overall solid impedance values across test frequencies, indicating an effective design.
  • Low Series Resistance at higher frequencies, catering to the needs of specific niche applications.
  • Stable capacitance values throughout most of the frequency range, providing consistent performance.
• Cons:
  • Higher Dissipation Factor at a few points within the test range, indicating potential losses under some operating conditions.
  • Series Resistance peaking at low frequencies may impact capacitor performance in some applications.
  • Changes in Capacitance Value may occur under 10 volts. This could be deemed undesirable in certain application scenarios.

Following an exhaustive review and benchmark comparison, this detailed analysis will explore several aspects, which include: Capacitance, Series Resistance, Dissipation Factor, and Quality Factor. This will provide a comprehensive understanding of the C3225X5R1A476M250AC capacitor's capabilities vis-a-vis the statistical benchmark data.

Impedance

When operated at 1 Volt, the C3225X5R1A476M250AC capacitor exhibits an impedance profile that is fairly consistent with the statistical benchmark across a range of test frequencies. At lower frequencies, such as 5Hz and 10Hz, the capacitor's impedance is slightly higher than the benchmark's average (659.4 Ohms vs. 656.9 Ohms and 332.4 Ohms vs. 332.8 Ohms, respectively). Although this small difference may be negligible for most applications, it is important to be aware of this variance for engineers who are looking for ultra-low impedance components.

As the test frequencies increase, specifically between 50Hz and 1kHz, the impedance of the TDK C3225X5R1A476M250AC drops sharply and stays within the higher range of the benchmark data. It maintains an impedance level that varies from approximately 0.44% to 19.2% higher than the benchmark values. At even higher frequencies, ranging from 5kHz to 1MHz, the capacitor's impedance generally falls below the benchmark average, with a few exceptions. These include a 3.9% difference at 5kHz and slight deviations at 450kHz and 550kHz. Interestingly, at 1MHz, the impedance difference between the capacitor and the benchmark average significantly narrows down to a mere 0.4 Ohms or approximately 1.4%.

When evaluating the C3225X5R1A476M250AC capacitor's impedance at 10 Volts, there is an overall increase in impedance values across the test frequencies. Despite a few more deviations occurring at specific points such as 1kHz and 450kHz, this exceptional capacitor performs commendably within the context of the benchmark data, particularly at higher frequencies.

Although there are minor variations in impedance values compared to the benchmark, the C3225X5R1A476M250AC capacitor remains a balanced and appealing choice for electronics engineers seeking a dependable and high-performance capacitor for various circuits and applications. It is essential to weigh these minor discrepancies in conjunction with the specific requirements of a project to determine if this capacitor is suitable for the intended application.

Capacitance

The TDK Corporation's C3225X5R1A476M250AC Ceramic X5R capacitor has a nominal value of 47μF with a ±20% tolerance. In this section, we will carefully analyze the capacitance variation as a function of frequency, providing insightful and useful information for electronic engineers.

Based on the LCR measurements at 1 Volt, the C3225X5R1A476M250AC demonstrates capacitance values above the benchmark average in a low-to-mid frequency range, from 5 Hz up to 200 kHz. Impressively, it outperforms the benchmark average capacitance value at 50 kHz with 34.58μF, compared to the benchmark's 31.64μF. Of considerable interest, at 700 kHz, it registers 3.443 mF, which is significantly higher than the benchmark maximum at the same frequency (18.56 mF) - indicating an exceptional performance at this particular high frequency.

When analyzing the 10 Volt LCR measurements, C3225X5R1A476M250AC shows some distortion of capacitance values under particular scenarios. However, it generally remains competitive with the benchmark results. For instance, at 50 kHz, the capacitance value is slightly lower than the benchmark average, at 30.63μF when compared to 31.64μF. Still, this component boasts exceptional capacitance values at high frequencies, such as 500 kHz, with an impressive 64.58 mF, which is significantly higher than the benchmark maximum value of 125.5μF―demonstrating its reliable performance for high-frequency applications.

In conclusion, the TDK C3225X5R1A476M250AC capacitor's capacitance performance is undoubtedly exceptional. It remains competitive with, and in specific cases, surpasses the statistical benchmark, reinforcing its versatility and potential as a top choice for electronic engineers. This capacitor is particularly advantageous for designs that require high capacitance stability in both low and high-frequency applications, offering a balanced and reliable performance across the spectrum.

Series Resistance

At a test frequency of 5 Hz and 1-volt bias, the series resistance of the C3225X5R1A476M250AC measures at 37.78 Ohms, performing below the benchmark average of 44.75 Ohms. This indicates a lower resistance, which is advantageous in terms of reducing power dissipation and improving energy efficiency. Comparatively, at 10 Hz, the component's resistance is measured at 18.87 Ohms, which is slightly higher than the benchmark average of 18.59 Ohms, but still within an acceptable range.

The capacitor reaches its most superior performance compared to the benchmark at a test frequency of 50 Hz, where its series resistance is measured at 3.566 Ohms, significantly better than the average of 3.037 Ohms. Furthermore, the gap between the component's performance and the benchmark narrows as the test frequency increases: the series resistance measures at 1.616 Ohms at 100 Hz, 228.7m Ohms at 500 Hz, and 96.65m Ohms at the 1 kHz frequency, showcasing a consistent trend of improvement.

At higher test frequencies, the C3225X5R1A476M250AC performs relatively closer to the benchmark data, implying that it maintains its efficiency across a wide range of frequencies. At 5 kHz, the series resistance measures at 15.39m Ohms compared to the benchmark average of 345.7m Ohms; at 10 kHz, the difference narrows to 7.529m Ohms against the 330.6m Ohms benchmark, and at 20 kHz, the gap becomes notably smaller, measuring at 3.944m Ohms compared to the average of 319.4m Ohms.

The C3225X5R1A476M250AC's series resistance demonstrates impressive performance at certain test frequencies, such as 50 Hz, in relation to the benchmarks. Its consistent improvement trend at various test frequencies affirms its suitability in an array of circuits, with the potential to accommodate different applications. Engineers seeking optimal performance in the context of series resistance would be well served by considering this capacitor for their designs. It is important to note, however, that the selection of a capacitor for a specific design should not be based solely on its series resistance performance; other factors such as capacitance, voltage rating, and temperature stability should also be taken into account.

Dissipation Factor and Quality Factor

The TDK Corporation's C3225X5R1A476M250AC capacitor exhibits outstanding performance in the low-frequency range. As the operating frequencies increase from 5kHz to 45kHz, the Dissipation Factor (Df) decreases, and the Quality Factor (Q) exhibits a consistent improvement. This observation is emphasized at frequencies of 5kHz and 50kHz, with recorded Df values of 0.017 and 0.018, which in turn produce favorable Quality Factors of 58.99 and 54.74, respectively. However, when the frequency reaches 100kHz, the Df value slightly increases to 0.021, causing a decrease in Q to 47.94.

As the operating frequency continues to rise, the capacitor's performance begins to deteriorate. When reaching frequencies of 400kHz and beyond, the steady Df increase leads to values such as 0.086 and 0.213 at 500kHz and 600kHz, respectively. These values result in a Q of 45.17 at 500kHz and a significantly reduced Q of 4.40 at 600kHz. Moreover, at a frequency of 650kHz, the Df exhibits a sharp rise to 0.558, which translates to a low Q of merely 1.88.

It is essential to remember that the measured values of this capacitor are subject to fluctuations when exposed to higher voltages. For instance, when the voltage increases to 10V, the Quality Factor experiences an upturn, reaching 130.24 at 5kHz. This underscores the capacitor's capacity to adapt to higher operating voltages effectively. It is important to mention, however, that most Q values at high frequencies remain unspecified under a 10V voltage, limiting the ability to comprehensively evaluate the capacitor's performance at these levels. This highlights that, while the C3225X5R1A476M250AC capacitor boasts exceptional low-frequency characteristics, its high-frequency performance may necessitate further investigation and consideration depending on specific application requirements.

Comparative Analysis

Conclusion

In conclusion, after a meticulous analysis of the TDK Corporation C3225X5R1A476M250AC capacitor, we can see how it compares to the statistical benchmark data of similar components. From the LCR measurements and statistical data provided, it is evident that this Ceramic: X5R capacitor holds its own in various parameters and characteristics.

At lower test frequencies, the capacitor generally performs on par or better than the average impedance values, leading to efficient energy storage capabilities. From 5k to 100kHz, the impedance values tend to be higher than average, which might impact applications demanding low impedance at these frequency ranges. However, it remains important to consider the nominal capacitance value, which might vary due to its ±20% tolerance. The Dissipation Factor exhibits a wide range, with values starting from 0.01 at lower frequencies and up to 6.67 at higher frequencies prioritizing stability in various applications. The Quality Factor remains mostly consistent with expected values in the benchmark data and stays within a satisfactory range.

From these data points, it becomes evident that TDK Corporation's C3225X5R1A476M250AC is a competitive choice for engineers seeking reliable and consistent performance in their capacitors. While the capacitor may not outdo its competitors in every aspect or measurement, its well-rounded performance across the tested parameters, makes it a valuable consideration when selecting the crucial components for electronic applications.